Sybil attacks create fake nodes to disrupt consensus or censor transactions.

Fresh data prevents outdated inputs (e.g., stale prices) from breaking contracts.

DeFi protocols need real-world price data (e.g., ETH/USD) to execute core functions like determining loan collateral ratios, triggering liquidations, or enabling decentralized trades — all of which require oracles to securely fetch and verify external market prices.

Decentralized oracles (e.g., Chainlink) source data from many nodes for trust.

ERC-20 is a standard for creating interchangeable tokens like cryptocurrencies or rewards.

PoS processes transactions faster by skipping energy-intensive mining. Chains like Ethereum 2.0 use it.

Tokenomics refers to the economic design and structure of a cryptocurrency or token, including how it is created, distributed, and managed. It encompasses factors like total supply, allocation, inflation, utility, and incentives that influence the token's value and usage within a blockchain ecosystem.

MetaMask is a popular cryptocurrency wallet and browser extension that allows users to manage Ethereum-based assets and interact with decentralized applications (dApps). It securely stores private keys, enabling seamless transactions and access to Web3 platforms directly from the browser.

Solidity is Ethereum’s primary language for coding smart contracts.

PFP (Profile Picture) NFTs like Bored Apes are used as social media avatars.

A hash function is a algorithm that converts data into a fixed-size string (hash value), used for data integrity, security, or quick lookup.

Public blockchains are open networks where anyone can join, view transactions, and participate (e.g., transact, mine, or validate blocks) without needing approval.

Minting converts digital files (art, music) into blockchain-based NFTs.

Consensus rules (e.g., PoW/PoS) ensure all nodes agree on valid transactions.

The genesis block is the first block in a blockchain, initiating the chain.

A block is a group of transactions with a timestamp and cryptographic link to the prior block, forming the blockchain's secure, ordered structure.

Sidechains are separate blockchains linked to a main chain (e.g., Polygon for Ethereum) that process transactions independently to enhance scalability and reduce network congestion.

Airdrops send free tokens to wallets to promote projects or reward users.

Token burning permanently removes tokens from circulation to reduce supply, often increasing scarcity and value.