BFT-based (Byzantine Fault Tolerant) consensus mechanisms achieve instant or near-instant finality by requiring agreement among validators in just one round of communication, allowing transactions to be finalized in seconds—faster than PoW, PoS, or DPoS.

BFT-based (Byzantine Fault Tolerant) consensus mechanisms achieve instant or near-instant finality by requiring agreement among validators in just one round of communication, allowing transactions to be finalized in seconds—faster than PoW, PoS, or DPoS.

The Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) is a global, decentralized computer that executes smart contracts on the Ethereum blockchain. It ensures every node produces the same results, keeping the network consistent and secure.

Traders exploit transaction ordering for profit.

A 51% attack happens when one miner/validator controls over half the network’s power or stake. This lets them rewrite history or double-spend coins, threatening security. It’s rare on large chains like Bitcoin but a risk for smaller ones.

OpenZeppelin offers audited, reusable smart contract templates, like ERC-20 and ERC-721 implementations. It enhances security and saves development time.

Ganache creates a local Ethereum blockchain for development and testing. It allows developers to deploy contracts and simulate transactions without real ETH.

Web3.js is a JavaScript library for interacting with Ethereum, enabling dApps to communicate with nodes. It handles tasks like sending transactions and reading blockchain data.

A token standard, like ERC-20, defines rules for creating tokens on a blockchain. It ensures compatibility for cross-chain transfers and DeFi applications.

Interoperability protocols allow different blockchains to communicate and share data or assets seamlessly. Examples include Polkadot and Cosmos, which facilitate cross-chain transactions.

Rust’s async programming, with crates like Tokio, enables high-throughput transaction processing in blockchain nodes. It supports concurrent handling of network requests and validations.

Rust’s zero-cost abstractions allow developers to write high-level code without runtime performance penalties, ideal for blockchain runtimes. This ensures efficient execution of smart contracts and consensus algorithms.

The #[account] macro in Anchor is used to define and validate account structures for Solana smart contracts. It simplifies account management and ensures data integrity.

Rust’s ownership model enforces strict rules on data access, preventing issues like double-spending in blockchain applications. It ensures compile-time safety for complex data structures.

Anchor is a Rust-based framework designed for developing secure and efficient smart contracts on Solana. It simplifies the process with macros and abstractions for Solana’s programming model.