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  • Difficulty - Medium
    Total Plays - 10
    Allowed Time - 10 sec
    Best time - 1.153

    What makes fallback functions error-prone?

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    Explanation:
    Fallbacks receive raw calldata without predefined structure, forcing developers to manually decode and validate inputs. Any mistake leads to reentrancy or mis-routing. They must be extremely minimal.
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  • Difficulty - Medium
    Total Plays - 15
    Allowed Time - 10 sec
    Best time - 4.927

    Why do storage reads cost more than memory reads?

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    Explanation:
    Storage accesses require Merkle-Patricia proof validation at the state level. This makes SLOAD one of the most expensive operations in Solidity. Caching values into memory significantly reduces repeated cost.
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  • Difficulty - Medium
    Total Plays - 8
    Allowed Time - 10 sec
    Best time - 6.303

    Why are external loops discouraged?

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    Explanation:
    Unbounded loops that depend on storage or user-controlled arrays can exhaust gas and render functions uncallable. Attackers can intentionally cause denial-of-service through loop amplification. Good design avoids external iteration
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  • Difficulty - Medium
    Total Plays - 8
    Allowed Time - 10 sec
    Best time - 2.699

    Why avoid comparing strings on-chain?

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    Explanation:
    String comparison requires hashing or byte-by-byte checks, both of which are expensive in the EVM model. It also introduces risk when mixed with packed encodings. Developers instead rely on enums or hashed IDs.
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  • Difficulty - Medium
    Total Plays - 9
    Allowed Time - 10 sec
    Best time - 7.363 sec

    What makes memory expansion expensive?

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    Explanation:
    Memory follows a quadratic cost function, meaning costs rise rapidly as the memory footprint grows. Careless array allocations can suddenly inflate execution cost. This is a frequent root cause of gas blowups in audits.
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  • Difficulty - Medium
    Total Plays - 10
    Allowed Time - 10 sec
    Best time - 2.358

    Why is PUSH0 useful in gas optimization?

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    Explanation:
    PUSH0 provides a zero literal without consuming calldata or memory. This reduces bytecode size and simplifies stack management. It's extremely helpful in tight loops and assembly-heavy contracts.
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  • Difficulty - Medium
    Total Plays - 7
    Allowed Time - 10 sec
    Best time - 10

    What does “state shadowing” indicate in inheritance?

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    Explanation:
    State shadowing happens when a derived contract redeclares a state variable with the same name as a parent. This creates storage misalignment and unexpected slot overwrites. Auditors treat this as a major upgradeability and correctness risk.
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  • Difficulty - Medium
    Total Plays - 7
    Allowed Time - 10 sec
    Best time - 2.234

    Why is calldata preferred for router functions?

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    Explanation:
    Calldata avoids copying user inputs into memory, significantly reducing gas usage for large payloads. Router contracts receive untrusted inputs, so avoiding memory expansion is both cheaper and safer. This is why AMMs and DEX routers heavily rely on calldata
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  • Difficulty - Medium
    Total Plays - 6
    Allowed Time - 10 sec
    Best time - 3.026

    Why do auditors flag “silent reverts”?

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    Explanation:
    Silent reverts hide failure reasons, making debugging and validation difficult. They also open the door for inconsistent execution paths
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  • Difficulty - Medium
    Total Plays - 8
    Allowed Time - 10 sec
    Best time - 2.492

    What does REVERT preserve that INVALID does not?

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    Explanation:
    REVERT allows returning structured revert data back to the caller, which improves debugging and interface guarantees. INVALID terminates execution with no return payload. This distinction is crucial for protocols relying on bubble-up error messaging.
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  • Difficulty - Medium
    Total Plays - 7
    Allowed Time - 10 sec
    Best time - 3.912

    Which op is used for external code size?

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    Explanation:
    EXTCODESIZE checks if the target has code deployed. It helps detect contracts vs EOAs in validation logic
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  • Difficulty - Medium
    Total Plays - 8
    Allowed Time - 10 sec
    Best time - 10

    Why are multi-step writes risky?

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    Explanation:
    Multi-step operations can leave the contract in a partially updated state if execution halts. Attackers exploit these interim states to bypass checks.
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  • Difficulty - Medium
    Total Plays - 6
    Allowed Time - 10 sec
    Best time - 5.375

    Why is SELFDESTRUCT dangerous in proxies?

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    Explanation:
    If the implementation contract is self-destructed, proxies break permanently or redirect unexpectedly. This creates bricked contracts and undefined behavior
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  • Difficulty - Medium
    Total Plays - 9
    Allowed Time - 10 sec
    Best time - 10

    What does RETURNDATASIZE prevent?

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    Explanation:
    RETURNDATASIZE ensures the caller knows exactly how many bytes were returned. It prevents incorrect assumptions and truncation bugs during low-level calls.
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  • Difficulty - Medium
    Total Plays - 14
    Allowed Time - 10 sec
    Best time - 1.846

    Why is storing large arrays on-chain discouraged?

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    Explanation:
    Storage is the most expensive resource in the EVM. Large arrays result in high operational cost and poor long-term scalability.
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  • Difficulty - Medium
    Total Plays - 14
    Allowed Time - 10 sec
    Best time - 0.675

    Why is using block.timestamp in fairness-critical logic dangerous?

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    Explanation:
    Miners can adjust timestamps within a reasonable range, enabling subtle manipulation. This can affect auctions, lotteries, and reward systems
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  • Difficulty - Medium
    Total Plays - 8
    Allowed Time - 10 sec
    Best time - 3.010

    5. Why is delegatecall risky?

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    Explanation:
    delegatecall executes callee code in the caller’s storage context, leading to storage collisions and privilege escalation. This is a key attack vector in proxy contracts.
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  • Difficulty - Medium
    Total Plays - 7
    Allowed Time - 10 sec
    Best time - 10

    4. Which opcode is responsible for dynamic memory expansion cost?

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    Explanation:
    MSTORE triggers memory expansion when writing to higher memory slots. Memory grows quadratically, so developers must understand how loops and large arrays impact gas.
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  • Difficulty - Medium
    Total Plays - 9
    Allowed Time - 10 sec
    Best time - 4.033

    What happens if a constructor of a deployed contract reverts?

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    Explanation:
    If the constructor reverts, the entire deployment fails and no contract is created. This prevents partially-initialized smart contracts from being pushed on-chain
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  • Difficulty - Medium
    Total Plays - 6
    Allowed Time - 10 sec
    Best time - 4.975

    1. What does EXTCODEHASH primarily help detect?

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    Explanation:
    EXTCODEHASH returns the hash of a contract’s deployed bytecode, allowing detection of code changes or empty accounts. Auditors use it to verify contract identity and defend against unexpected contract replacement patterns
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