In an Eclipse attack, an attacker isolates a node from the network, feeding it false data. This can lead to incorrect transaction processing or vulnerability to double spending.

immutable variables are assigned once during deployment and can’t be changed afterward. They are more gas-efficient than regular storage variables.

Modifiers are used to add conditional logic like access control to functions. They prevent code repetition and keep logic clean.

Ethereum popularized smart contracts and allowed developers to build decentralized apps.

Decentralized exchanges (DEXs) operate using smart contracts, which automatically execute trades without the need for intermediaries. This allows users to trade crypto directly from their wallets while maintaining control of their assets

Royalties in NFTs ensure that artists receive a percentage of sales every time their work is resold on secondary markets. This feature provides creators with ongoing income and supports long-term value for their digital art.

Google Drive is a cloud-based storage service that lets you store, access, and share files online. It offers seamless integration with Google Workspace apps like Docs, Sheets, and Slides.

Gwei is a smaller unit of ETH used to calculate gas costs.

Pools lock tokens for trading on platforms like Uniswap, replacing traditional order books.

Gas limits set a maximum amount of computation a transaction can use, preventing infinite loops or excessively long operations from running indefinitely. This protects the network and user funds by halting transactions that exceed the limit.

Hybrid mechanisms (e.g., Decred) blend PoW mining with PoS voting for balanced security.

Sybil attacks create fake nodes to disrupt consensus or censor transactions.

Fresh data prevents outdated inputs (e.g., stale prices) from breaking contracts.

DeFi protocols need real-world price data (e.g., ETH/USD) to execute core functions like determining loan collateral ratios, triggering liquidations, or enabling decentralized trades — all of which require oracles to securely fetch and verify external market prices.

Decentralized oracles (e.g., Chainlink) source data from many nodes for trust.