If the implementation contract is self-destructed, proxies break permanently or redirect unexpectedly. This creates bricked contracts and undefined behavior

RETURNDATASIZE ensures the caller knows exactly how many bytes were returned. It prevents incorrect assumptions and truncation bugs during low-level calls.

Storage is the most expensive resource in the EVM. Large arrays result in high operational cost and poor long-term scalability.

Miners can adjust timestamps within a reasonable range, enabling subtle manipulation. This can affect auctions, lotteries, and reward systems

delegatecall executes callee code in the caller’s storage context, leading to storage collisions and privilege escalation. This is a key attack vector in proxy contracts.

If the constructor reverts, the entire deployment fails and no contract is created. This prevents partially-initialized smart contracts from being pushed on-chain

MSTORE triggers memory expansion when writing to higher memory slots. Memory grows quadratically, so developers must understand how loops and large arrays impact gas.

EXTCODEHASH returns the hash of a contract’s deployed bytecode, allowing detection of code changes or empty accounts. Auditors use it to verify contract identity and defend against unexpected contract replacement patterns

immutable variables are stored directly in bytecode, not in storage, reducing runtime gas and preventing accidental overwrites. It is a common optimization technique in gas-efficient contract design.

When users mint again after the first drop, it shows they see long-term value in the project. Repeat minting is a strong signal of community trust.

If many proposals are created but few get votes, it signals weak governance participation. Healthy DAOs focus on engagement, not just proposal count.

Invariants are rules that must always remain true in a contract. Documenting them helps validate whether your core logic stays consistent after every transaction.

Snapshots capture the contract’s state at a moment in time. They help debug failed transactions and compare pre- and post-execution states.

Modifiers improve smart contract readability but can cause hidden logic issues if used carelessly. Always review how each modifier changes access or conditions.

Logical bugs can’t be found by tools; they require clear understanding of how the business rules actually work. A developer must manually verify that the code’s behavior matches real-world logic.